Colloquium Speakers Spring 2008





Prof. Erich Poppitz
Institution University of Toronto
Date of Colloquim Jan 18
Colloquium Title The wonders of supersymmetry: from quantum mechanics, topology, and noise, to (maybe) the LHC
Supersymmetry is a quantum-mechanical symmetry relating bosons and fermions. It was discovered more than 35 years ago in quantum field theory and string theory, but the seeds of its ``miraculous" properties can be seen already in quantum mechanics. This talk introduces supersymmetry via the supersymmetric (an-)harmonic oscillator. We shall see that this seemingly trivial example is sufficiently rich to allow us to illustrate how supersymmetry is used in a variety of fields: from mathematics and elementary particle physics to critical phenomena and stochastic dynamics.


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Keith Dienes
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Prof. A. Sandhu
Institution U of A
Date of Colloquim Jan 25
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Dr. S. Valenzuela
Institution Harvard
Date of Colloquim Feb 1
Colloquium Title Spin dynamics and the spin Hall effect in metallic nanostructures
Spintronics aims to replace charge with spin as the main computational element in devices. Much effort is being devoted to understand how the electron spin is transferred through interfaces and to identify fundamental processes that modify the spin polarization or that can be used for spin manipulation. Lateral structures are a unique tool to study these phenomena because of the ease to fabricate them in multi-terminal configurations. This will be illustrated by some of our recent experimental results in thin-film devices, where the output voltage is exclusively determined by the spin degree of freedom and provides valuable information on spin-flip scattering mechanisms, spin-polarized tunneling, spin-orbit interaction and the spin Hall effect.


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Prof. Richard Gott
Institution Princeton University
Date of Colloquim Feb 8
Colloquium Title Topology of Large Scale Structure in the Universe
How the topology of large scale structure in the universe can be used to test the Gaussian random phase initial conditions predicted by inflation, and theories of galaxy formation, including non-linear effects and biasing.


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Astronomy Department / Dr. Mark Dickinson
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Joint colloquium with the astronomy department - will take place @ Steward Observatory N210, 4:00pm, Feb 8 Refreshments will be available at 3:30pm in the Steward Observatory Lobby.





Prof. Teresa Montaruli
Institution U of Wisconsin - Madison
Date of Colloquim Feb 15
Colloquium Title Astronomy with Neutrinos
Abstract  Neutrinos are very promising messengers from the Universe since they are not absorbed or deflected as much as photons or protons. Astrophysical neutrinos have never been detected before at energies above the TeV scale. We look for them to provide information on the most powerful engines that produce the Ultra-High Energy cosmic rays that are observed in giant air showers. We are building giant neutrino telescopes in the most unexplored regions of our planet: the Antarctica and the sea depths. I will describe where do these efforts stand and what we are measuring now. With unprecedented statistics, IceCube and ANTARES will also provide a lot of information on the hadronic processes that produce neutrinos in our atmosphere. The construction season of IceCube will almost be concluded at the time of the colloquium and I will bring fresh news from South Pole about an amazing enterprise: building a cubic-kilometer array of photomultipliers between 1.5 and 2.5 km below the ice surface.


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Ina Sarcevic
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Prof. F. Lamb
Institution U of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign
Date of Colloquim Feb 22
Colloquium Title Would Proposed Defenses Against Nuclear-Armed Long-Range Missiles Work?
Since 1955, the United States has spent more than $200 billion developing and building a variety of systems intended to defend the U.S. against nuclear-armed long-range ballistic missiles. Ultimately, all of these systems were judged ineffective and most never became operational. The United States is currently spending about $10 billion per year on systems to be based in the United States and Europe that are intended to defend against missiles that might be acquired in the future by North Korea or Iran. I will summarize the history of missile defense and missile defense technologies and discuss whether the approaches now being pursued are likely to be more effective than those of the past.


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D. Psaltis
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Prof. Th. Mehen
Institution Duke
Date of Colloquim Feb 29
Colloquium Title Effective Field Theories for Strongly Interacting Particles: from Charmed Hadrons to Cold Atoms
In the last few years, electron-positron colliders have discovered a multitude of new hadrons containing charm quarks. Because of the confinement of quarks, calculating the properties of these novel bound states poses a difficult problem in Quantum Chromodynanics (QCD). States of particular interest are excited even-parity charmed strange mesons whose masses and widths are unexpectedly small, and the X(3872), which is thought to be a molecular bound state of charmed mesons. Effective field theories that combine the chiral and heavy quark symmetries of QCD can be used to obtain qualitative insights into the nature of these hadrons and make quantitative predictions for some of their properties. Effective theories for two-body systems with large scattering lengths, developed in the late 90's for nuclear physics, are applied to the X(3872). Symmetries of these theories that emerge when scattering lengths diverge can also be used to make predictions for a very different strongly interacting system: gases of cold trapped fermionic atoms whose scattering length is tuned to infinity via a Feshbach resonance.


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S. Fleming
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Dr. Eric Prebys
Institution Fermilab
Date of colloquium March 7
Colloquium Title A New Muon to Electron Conversion Experiment
Charged lepton flavor violation is a nearly universal feature of Beyond-Standard-Model physics. In particular, the conversion of a muon to electron after capture on a nucleus would be a clean and unambiguous signature for new physics. This talk will cover the history and prospects in this area, with focus on a new experiment being proposed for Fermilab after the end of the current collider program.


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Erich Varnes
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Prof. Allan McDonald
Institution University of Texas, Austin
Date of colloquium March 28
Colloquium Title Room-Temperature Counterflow Superfluidity in Graphene Bilayers
It has been realized since the 1960's that semimetals would have a superfluid ground state with condensed excitons if their conduction and valence band Fermi surfaces were very similar. Unfortunately it seems that this nesting requirement is never satisfied sufficiently well in natural materials. I will discuss our proposal that exciton condensation states will appear and survive to elevated temperatures in artificial materials based on graphene, a newly realized atomically two-dimensional form of many which consists of carbon atoms on a honeycomb lattice. Room temperature exciton condensates could lead to a radically new type of electronic technology.


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Philippe Jacquod
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Prof. Minami Yoda
Institution Georgia Tech
Date of colloquium April 4
Colloquium Title Near-wall velocimetry in microscale flows
Although fluid flows at the micro- and nanometer scale have recently become of interest, there are few experimental techniques at present with a spatial resolution fine enough measure velocity fields in these flows. This talk introduces a technique using evanescent-wave illumination generated by total internal reflection of light at the fluid-wall interface. This technique, nano-particle image velocimetry (nPIV), measures the velocity components tangential to and within about 400 nanometers of the wall using fluorescent colloidal (100-200 nm diameter) polystyrene tracers under the assumption that these particle tracers follow the flow with good fidelity. The technique has been used to measure velocity profiles in steady and fully-developed electroosmotic flow. Results for very dilute monovalent aqueous solutions suggest that nPIV has a near-wall spatial resolution sufficient to resolve the velocity defect predicted by theory inside the diffuse electric double layer. More recently, nPIV has been extended to multilayer nPIV (mnPIV), where the exponential decay in the evanescent-wave intensity with wall-normal distance z is used to obtain velocities at different values of z. The feasibility of this technique has been tested for images of particles convected by steady Poiseuille flow through 40 micrometer microchannels. The mnPIV data show that the colloidal tracers are nonuniformly distributed in z within 400 nm of the wall, with almost no tracers within about 100 nm of the wall, most likely due to electrostatic effects. Results obtained for water and monovalent aqueous electrolyte solutions show that the tracer distribution is strongly affected by the pH and electrolyte composition of the working fluid. With appropriate correction, estimates of velocity gradients (and hence wall shear stress) obtained with mnPIV are in all cases within 8% of the values predicted by the classic solution for two-dimensional Poiseuille flow. The effects of this markedly nonuniform tracer distribution and asymmetric and hindered Brownian tracer diffusion on near-wall velocimetry data and its implications for near-wall velocity measurements are briefly discussed.


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John Kessler
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Prof. Irina Mocioiu
Institution Penn State University
Date of colloquium April 11
Colloquium Title A Neutrino Perspective on the Universe
The neutrino discoveries of the last decade have brought the first experimental evidence of particle physics beyond the Standard Model. We are now moving into the era of using neutrinos as a tool for learning about particle astrophysics and new physics phenomena. I will briefly review the history of solar neutrinos, which puts into perspective both challenges and opportunities of using neutrinos to learn about physics and astrophysics. I will then discuss prospects for future high energy neutrino detection and how this data can be used to learn about new phenomena.


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Ina Sarcevic
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Prof. Dimitri Kusnezov
Institution Director, Office of Research, Development & Simulation, National Nuclear Security Organization, Washington, DC
Date of colloquium April 18
Colloquium Title The New Frontier of Computational Science: Applications to High Leverage Decisions
Today our supercomputers have already surpassed the half-petaflop mark, and are nearing sustained performances at the petascale. Is there something new to be had at a petaflop, or should we expect more of the same, only faster? While there are many technical challenges at this scale, I believe it symbolizes the scale at which our approach to computational science - today's archetype - requires revision. We are reaching the point where raw computational power is no longer the limiting factor - rather what constrains us is our vision and our ability to ensure the veracity of our predictions. Computing at the petascale will open doors to discovery, and we must not be limited by the current way we approach computing. At the same time, expectations for great achievement will likely outpace our ability to effectively use these systems for innovation. This is becoming critical as these results have the potential to exert greater influence on high-consequence decisions


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Philippe Jacquod
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Prof. Harold Baranger
Institution Duke University
Date of colloquium April 25
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Charles Stafford
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Dr. Paul Ray
Institution
Date of colloquium May 2
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Dimtrios Psaltis
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Prof. Piet W. Brouwer
Institution Cornell
Date of colloquium May 9
Colloquium Title Quantum transport and its classical limit
The interference of multiply scattered quantum mechanical matter waves causes small but noticeable corrections to the electrical conduction of a metal at low temperatures. What is the fate of quantum interference corrections in the limit that the wavelength of the electrons becomes small in comparison to all other relevant length scales? This limit is a "classical limit" similar to the transition from wave optics to ray optics that occurs when the typical size of optical elements becomes much larger than the wavelength of light. Surprisingly, the answer is not at all trivial: Whereas the interference correction to the ensemble-averaged conductance (weak localization) disappears in this classical limit, the quantum interference contribution to the sample-specific conductance fluctuations survives. The "classical limit" is relevant for conductors in which the electron motion is ballistic and the only source of scattering is specular reflection off sample boundaries or artificial macroscopic scattering sites. In this talk, I'll outline the basic structure of a theory of quantum transport in ballistic conductors, as well as possible experimental signatures that distinguish ballistic conductors and their disordered counterparts.


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Philippe Jacquod
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